EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVE METABOLITE CONTENTS, MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL AND ANTI-PLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF THE SPIDER Neoscona adianta
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ABSTRACT
In spite of the extensive control efforts, over the years, mosquito still transmit serious human diseases, cause millions of deaths every year and the development of resistance to chemical insecticides resulting in rebounding vectorial capacity. This situation is aggravated with the re-emergence of drug resistance of mosquito borne diseases especially malaria. The current study was therefore designed to assess the mosquito larvicidal potency and antiplasmodial efficacy of the crude and fractions of the extract of the spider (Neoscona adianta). The zoochemical components of the crude and fractions of the spider extracts were assessed following standard procedures. The larvicidal potency of the crude and fractions of the spider was carried out according to World Health Organization (WHO) standard protocol with slight modifications. Graded concentrations (ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/k) of the crude and fractions of the spider extracts were tested against 25 batches of healthy 4th instar larvae of Culex mosquito species, and larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours exposure period. Acute oral toxicity of the crude extract was carried out to establish the oral safe dose. The antiplasmodial activates of the crude extract and fractions were bio-assayed against established infection in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The results indicated the presence of zoochemicals including flavonoid, tannins, saponnins, alkaloids steroids total phenol and terpeniods in the crude extract and fractions of the spider. The results of the larvicidal bio-assay revealed that both crude and fractions showed a dose and concentration-dependent larvicidal potency. Larvicidal activities was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the ethylacetate and n-henane fractions than in the crude methanol extract. Similarly, only the ethylacetate and n-hexane recorded 100% mortality for the highest concentration tested (2.0 mg/h). The best larvicidal activity was found in the nhexane fraction with an LC50 of 0.46mh/L, followed by ethylacetate with LC50 of 0.94mg/L. The results of the acute oral toxicity revealed that the spider extract is safe for oral administration with an LC50 greater than 5000mg/kg body weight. The crude and fractions of the spider extract showed a dose dependent antiplasmodial activities with peak activity recorded of the group of mice treated with 600mg/kg b.wt crude extract. The crude and fractions did not ameliorate fall in PCV but promoted body weight change and elongated the survival time. The results support the medicinal use of spider extracts in folkloric medicine and suggest that this spider contained bio-active compounds that could be developed as potent antimalarial drug as well as potent bio-pesticide agent against mosquito vector.
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